Aldo Rustichini, William G. Iacono, James J. Lee, and Matt McGue| Journal of Political Economy 2023 131:10, 2724-2779
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└── Chromosome
└── DNA
└── Gene
└── Genome
Twin studies
Genome wide association studies (GWASs)
Regress outcome \(y^{i}_{j}\) on \(m\)-th SNP for all \(m=1, \dots, M\):
\[ y^{i}_{j} = \beta_{m}SNP^{i}_{jm}+\epsilon^{i}_{jm}, \quad m=1,\dots,M. \]
Remember:
Polygenic score = Predicted outcomes based on all relevant SNPs
\[ PGS^{i}_{j}=\sum_{m=1}^{M}\tilde{\beta}_{m} SNP^{i}_{jm} \]
flowchart LR
A1[father] --> A3(couple)
A2[mother] --> A3(couple)
A3[couple] --> B("child
genotype")
A3[couple] --"genetic nurture"--> C("child
environment")
B("child
genotype") --> D("child
education")
C("child
environment") <--"gene×environ"--> B("child
genotype")
C("child
environment") --> D("child
education")
Controls used in estimation
Data: Minnesota Twin Study
Education years↑ with
Cognitive ability↑ with
Noncognitive ability↑ with
Dizygotic twins (fraternal twins)
Education years↑ with
Parental education years↑ with
Family income↑ with
感想